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Capital
Defense Weekly Numerous favorable decisions
are noted for February 12 to
February 19, 2007. Three of those decisions are of special note.
Then, of course, there is Florida
v. Lawrence.
For those on the trial end of the game perhaps the most important is In the matter of the Petition of the State of Delaware for a Writ of Mandamus. In that case counsel and their client, James Cooke, couldn't agree on a trial strategy. They agreed, as part of the normal give and take of negotiating with a client, to agree to disagree. The defense would rely on both a factual innocence claim and a Guilty But Mentally Ill defense. The State attempted to have the trial court prevent such a a defense, and when that failed attempted to obtain a writ of mandamus. In denying the writ the Delaware Supreme Court provides a good glimpse in to the decision making process at trial, as well as the division of labor between a Defendant and counsel in determining strategy. The Oregon Supreme Court deals with the aftermath of remand from the United States Supreme Court in State v. Randy Lee Guzek. The SCOTUS had reinstated Guzek's death sentence after the Oregon Supreme Court vacated it on lingering doubt related concerns. The Guzek Court seems to hold that although the Defendant cannot put his mother on the stand as an alibi witness in his resentencing trial, under state law, the jury could hear someone read a transcript of the testimony that Guzek's mother gave during the guilt phase of the trial. Then there is Leroy Lynch v. State. Lynch is a run-of-the-mill Atkins remand with a twist. Up until the decision in Lynch the Mississippi Supreme Court, in a much criticized practice, required the use of a MMPI to test for malingering. Although arguably dicta, the Lynch Court seems to state that going forward it will no longer require the use of MMPI in determinations of mental retardation. The final relief grants is found in the very procedurally confusing Parramore Sanborn v. Parker. The State's expert interviewed Sanborn about his mental condition during the time of the crime. The interview was conducted over two different days. In between the two meetings counsel met with Sanborn. The State's expert inquired about the meeting and defense strategy a the second meeting. The details of that conversation were relayed to the State & portions of that conversation were permitted to be heard by the jury with the State leaving the clear impression that the Defense had faked Sanborn's alleged mental problems. Finding error in such intrusion in to the attorney - client relationship, a new penalty phase hearing is ordered. Despite the four wins there was a very notable loss in Florida v. Lawrence at the Supreme Court. In Lawrence the Court affirmed the Eleventh Circuit’s holding that for purposes of the AEDPA's one year filing deadline the period during which a certiorari petition off of state post-conviction relief denial is pending is not excludable. Put another way, once a State’s highest court has denied a state post-conviction review the clock is again running for AEDPA purposes. Put another way, once state post-conviction is done (indeed even if you win) file in both the Supreme Court and the federal district court in order to protect a client's rights. Leading off the news are
developments this week in
Connecticut, where, as the Courant
notes,
prosecutors from around the State are being forced to testify about how
they determine in which cases they will seek death (we are still
trying to run down the order in this case). Indiana should
temporarily halt executions until it improves its fairness and accuracy
in meting out the death penalty to convicted murderers according to the
ABA's
Indiana report. Maryland
Governor Martin O’Malley
testified this week in person
during legislative hearings looking into the possibility of repeal of
the Maryland death penalty; public sources have the vote to abolish
the death penalty will swing on how conservative pro-life catholic
legislators vote. North
Carolina
Governor Mike Easley has said there will be no more executions
until a
conflict over physician attendance at executions is resolved. Maricopa
County Arizona has
more pending death-penalty cases than any other county in the country
with 135 capital cases in trial or headed
toward trial. Press
accounts note
that all
executions in Delaware are now officially on hold as a federal
judge granted class action status to on a lethal injection challenge
(we are still trying to run down the order in this case). Earlier
this
week, AP
reports, the Montana Senate has voted to abolish the death penalty
27 to 21. In Georgia press
accounts note
numerous bills have been introduced and passed out of committee this
week to "fix" the short-fall in capital defense funding there.
Finally, in Florida the preliminary
results of the lethal
injection review committee have been released (press accounts only
at this
point).
Looking ahead next week notes four wins
so far, several of which are
notable wins. The Tenth Circuit in Glenn
Anderson v. Sirmons grants relief on the failure of counsel to do a
meaningful job in
prepping the penalty phase mitigation, with a good discussion on
the availability of state
post-conviction relief, procedural
default, and conflict of interest. The Oklahoma Court of Criminal
Appeals in Bigler
Stouffer II v. State holds that capital postconviction is simply
too
complex and the stakes simply too high to let a Petitioner represent
himself pro
se. The Pennsylvania Supreme Court in Comm
v. Beth Ann Markman grants
relief on a fairly familiar theme, Bruton error.
Finally, the South Carolina Supreme Court in State
v. Clinton Northcutt grants relief on the admission of prior bad
acts by the defendant
and an inflammatory closing by the State.
Available at http://capitaldefenseweekly.com/archives/070219.htm
should you have problems with the formatting of or access to this
edition. Recent
Executions Pending
Executions March
Florida
v. Lawrence, 2007 U.S. LEXIS
1334 (2/20/2007)
The majority holds that the period of time during which certiorari is pending off of the state post-conviction review process counts against the AEDPA's one year filing deadline. In Favor of Life or Liberty Week of February 12, 2007 State v.
Randy Lee Guzek, 2007 Ore. LEXIS 103 (Ore 2/15/2007) Leroy
Lynch v. State, 2007 Miss. LEXIS 34 (Miss 2/15/2007) In
the matter of the Petition of the State of Delaware for a Writ of
Mandamus, 2007 Del. LEXIS 69 (Del 2/16/2007) Parramore
Sanborn v. Parker, NO. CV: 99-678-C (W.D. Ky 2/14/2007) Advance
Sheet for the Week of February 19, 2007 Glenn
Anderson v. Sirmons, 2007 U.S. App. LEXIS 3753 (10th Cir
2/21/2007) Bigler
Stouffer II v. State, 2007 Okla. Crim. App. LEXIS 4 (Okla
Crim App 2/22/2007) "Petitioner may not represent himself in this
capital
post-conviction proceeding, we also hold that appointed counsel's
September 15, 2006, motion to withdraw, which was based on the trial
court's findings after the hearing on Petitioner's motion to proceed pro
se,
is denied. We further order that the previous stay of the
post-conviction application filing deadline shall be lifted, and
counsel shall have ninety (90) days from the date of this Order within
which to file Appellant's application for post-conviction relief. Comm
v. Beth Ann Markman, 2007 Pa. LEXIS 387 (PA 2/21/2007)
Relief granted on Bruton grounds. More here. State v. Clinton Northcutt, 2007 S.C. LEXIS 64 (SC 2/20/2007) Penalty phase relief granted as the "trial judge erroneously admitted evidence the baby suffered a broken leg at age ten-weeks when Appellant removed her from a swing-seat" and the state's "sentencing-phase closing argument so infected the jury's sentencing determination with passion and prejudice that it requires reversal of Appellant's death sentence."
Favoring Death Week of February 12, 2007 People
v. Steven Bell, 2007 Cal. LEXIS 1493 (Cal 2/15/2007) People
v. Andrew Urdiales, 2007 Ill. LEXIS 437 (Ill 2/16/2007) Advance
Sheet for the Week of February 19, 2007
Comm. v. Roger Judge, 2007 Pa. LEXIS 385 (PA 2/21/2007) Relief denied on postconviction
appeal
including a rather fascinating discussion on Canada's failure to demand
that Judge not be prosecuted capitally for the offense and the UNHCR's
findings that process under which Judge was deported from Canada was
unlawful under the ICCPR. The Judge Court holds that there is no
right for an individual to seek relief under the ICCPR.
Comm. v. John Eichinger, 2007 Pa. LEXIS 357 (PA 2/20/2007) The defendant here was being
questioned at work, but he was not in
custody, and he broke down and admitted his role in a murder. The
Pennsylvania Supreme Court takes the time to explain application of
conflict of laws in criminal cases, but it ultimately determines that
the outcome was the same no matter which law applied. John
Wesley Hall has more.
State v. Marion Lindsey, 2007 S.C. LEXIS 58 (SC 2/20/2007) Relief denied over a very
strong
ground for improper juror removal (death qualification), juror
misconduct while viewing the crime scene,
disqualification of a juror and sentencing phase issues including
proportionality and failure to grant a directed verdict on the
aggravator submitted to the jury.
Notable Noncapital Boumediene v. Bush, 05-5062 (D.C. Cir., Feb. 20, 2007) "A divided panel of the D.C.
Circuit has upheld the Military
Commissions Act of 2006, which strips federal courts of jurisdiction
over Guantanamo detainee cases. Rejecting the detainees’ argument that
the MCA does not apply to their cases, Judge Randolph writes that the
statutory language could not be clearer, as it is the equivalent of
Congress members slamming their fists on the table shouting "When we
say ‘all,’ we mean all – without
exception!" Turning
to the more significant argument of whether the MCA unconstitutionally
suspends the great writ of habeas corpus, the majority of Judges
Randolph and Sentelle concludes that the petitioners cannot avail
themselves of this argument because the Constitution does not confer
rights on aliens who do not have property or presence in the United
States." [ via
Rob Loblaw]
Selected Excerpts from, & Commentary on, this Edition's Cases Florida
v. Lawrence, 2007 U.S. LEXIS
1334 (2/20/2007)
The majority holds that the period of time during which certiorari is pending off of the state post-conviction review process counts against the AEDPA's one year filing deadline. From HAT: On February 14, 2007, Judge Jennifer Coffman of the Western District of Kentucky ruled that Parramore Sanborn was entitled to habeas relief on a claim that admission of certain testimony during sentencing proceedings by a prosecution expert violated the Sixth Amendment. Sanborn v. Parker, 2007 WL 495202 (W.D. Ky. 2007). The prosecution expert had been permitted to evaluate Sanborn because he had intended to raise the defense that he committed the murder while under extreme emotional disturbance (“EED”). When the expert first interviewed Sanborn, Sanborn denied even being near the victim when she was killed. In a subsequent interview, Sanborn told the expert that he wanted to clarify what he had said earlier. At this second meeting, Sanborn admitted being with the victim and described the circumstances leading up to the murder. When asked why Sanborn had failed to provide the expert with this account at the initial interview, Sanborn stated that he had intended to but had gone off on something else. The expert then asked whether Sanborn had met with anyone else after the first meeting. Sanborn told her that he had met with one of his attorneys. The expert asked what the trial strategy would be and Sanborn explained that he intended to argue that the murder was committed while he was under emotional distress. At the resentencing hearing, the prosecutor was permitted to elicit testimony from the expert that Sanborn’s story had changed after he met with someone, as well as what Sanborn had said about his trial strategy. Judge Coffman agreed with Sanborn’s contention that the expert’s testimony constituted an unconstitutional governmental interference with his relationship with his attorney. See Weatherford v. Bursey, 429 U.S. 545 (1977). "While not necessarily improper when considered independently, [the prosecution expert´s] conjoined questions-about (1) Sanborn´s meeting with his attorney and (2) his defense strategy-were tantamount to her asking what he and his attorney had discussed in that meeting. The unnecessary question about the meeting with counsel was not critical to her assessment of Sanborn´s credibility and was a clear intrusion into the attorney-client relationship." Further, “[b]y eliciting [the expert’s] testimony that Sanborn had altered his statements after talking to ‘someone,’ the prosecution unnecessarily conveyed privileged attorney-client information to the jury, thus prejudicing” Sanborn. Although “Sanborn was not prevented from presenting his EED defense,” nevertheless “an improper interference with his attorney-client relationship substantially undermined his key argument against the imposition of the death penalty.” Judge Coffman denied the remaining claims. Three of the claims concerned the admission of testimony at the guilt phase retrial by Reverend Barclay Brown, a United Methodist Minister who had initially been retained to serve as a defense expert regarding, among other things, a theological perspective of the death penalty and Sanborn´s religious upbringing. After it was determined that Reverend Brown would not testify, Brown continued to see Sanborn. Sanborn was convicted and sentenced to death. The conviction and death sentence, however, were reversed by the Kentucky Supreme Court. Brown then went to the prosecutor because he was troubled by some of the things that Sanborn had said to him. Ultimately, he was permitted to testify at the guilt phase retrial as a prosecution witness. Judge Coffman found no constitutional error. First, “at least when the relationship began, any expectation that conversations between Sanborn and Brown would remain confidential was unreasonable” given that Brown was expected to be a testifying expert and anything said to him was not confidential. Second, “there was no evidence that Sanborn consulted Brown on spiritual matters.” Third, “[b]ecause [Sanborn’s] conversations with Brown were not subject to protection as integral to the attorney-client relationship, Sanborn´s argument that the government improperly interfered with his Sixth Amendment right to effective assistance is unavailing.” Judge Coffman did grant Sanborn a COA on his claims related to Reverend Brown: (1) Whether the admission of Rev. Brown´s testimony violated the attorney-client privilege in contravention of Sanborn´s Fourteenth Amendment right to Due Process; (2) Whether the admission of Rev. Brown´s testimony violated the priest-penitent privilege in contravention of Sanborn´s Fourteenth Amendment right to Due Process; and (3) Whether the admission of Rev. Brown´s testimony constituted an unconstitutional governmental interference with the Sixth Amendment right to counsel.
In
the matter of the Petition of the State of Delaware for a Writ of
Mandamus, 2007 Del. LEXIS 69 (Del 2/16/2007)
Leroy
Lynch v. State, 2007 Miss. LEXIS 34 (Miss 2/15/2007) Relief
denied on State's attempt to obtain a writ of mandamus.
The State attempted to block "Cooke's counsel [attempt] to contest the
State's proof of guilt, but also
plan, concurrently, to present mitigation evidence of Cooke's mental
illness." Put another way, the Defense is to be permitted to go forward
on a defense of factual innocence and Guilty But Mentally Ill.
A criminal defendant has authority over certain "fundamental decisions regarding the case, as to whether to plead guilty, waive a jury, testify in his or her own behalf, or take an appeal." n3 Counsel, however, bears principal responsibility for the conduct of the defense. n4 In particular, counsel has the responsibility for determining "what arguments to pursue," n5 and "what defenses to develop." n6 According to the State, its petition presents one question: in the event of an irreconcilable disagreement between defense counsel and the defendant about a decision to seek a verdict of guilty but mentally ill, do the defendant's wishes prevail? The State is asking this Court to place the decision to pursue a mental illness defense in the category of issues upon which only the defendant can decide. Although the State has been unable to find any controlling precedent that is exactly on point, it makes an argument based upon Delaware Professional Conduct Rule 1.2, Scope of Representation, which states the following: (a) [A] lawyer shall abide by a client's decisions concerning the objectives of representation and . . . shall consult with the client as to the means by which they are to be pursued . . . In a criminal case, the lawyer shall abide by the client's decision, after consultation with the lawyer, as to a plea to be entered, whether to waive jury trial and whether [*10] the client will testify.Thus, Rule 1.2 expressly provides that the client is the ultimate decision maker as to whether to enter a plea, waive a jury trial or testify at trial. n7 The State argues that pursuit of a GBMI verdict is the "functional equivalent of a plea of guilt with a request for mitigation of the nature of his sentence (death) or the manner it is to be served (partially in a mental facility . . . )." In response to that argument, Cooke's attorneys assert the United States Supreme Court held in Florida v. Nixon that a concession of guilt is not the functional equivalent of a guilty plea. n8 [*11] In Nixon, the Supreme Court distinguished a concession of guilt from a guilty plea as follows: Despite [defense counsel's] concession, Nixon retained the rights accorded a defendant in a criminal trial. Cf. Boykin, 395 U.S. at 242-243 and n.4, 89 S. Ct. 1709, 23 L. Ed. 2d 274 (a guilty plea is "more than a confession which admits that the accused did various acts," it is a "stipulation that no proof by the prosecution need be advanced"). The State was obliged to present during the guilt phase competent, admissible evidence establishing the essential elements of the crimes with which Nixon was charged. . . . Further, the defense reserved the right to cross-examine witnesses for the prosecution and could endeavor, as [defense counsel] did, to exclude prejudicial evidence. See supra, at 575. In addition, in the event of errors in the trial or jury instructions, a concession of guilt would not hinder the defendant's right to appeal. n9In Nixon, the defense attorney conceded guilt and then presented evidence of mental illness during the penalty phase with the goal of avoiding a death sentence. He consulted several times with his client but never obtained explicit consent to conduct the defense in this manner. n10 Because the prosecution was still required to prove its case beyond a reasonable doubt, the United States Supreme Court held that conceding guilt during the guilt phase of a capital murder trial was not the functional equivalent of a guilty plea. n11 Cooke's defense counsel submit their position is strengthened by the Supreme Court's ruling in Nixon because, unlike the attorney in that case, they will not concede that Cooke is guilty. Moreover, Cooke's attorneys assert that a GBMI verdict is an alternative that will only be reached by the jury if they are persuaded that the State has met its burden of proof. "In Wainwright v. Sykes, the United [*13] States Supreme Court held that the attorney possesses the right to decide certain strategic and tactical decisions, including what witnesses to call, whether and how to conduct cross-examination, what trial motions should be made, and what evidence should be introduced." n12 Based on Wainwright, Cooke's counsel assert that the decision to present evidence of mental illness at Cooke's trial is a tactical one solely within their province. Cooke's defense counsel argue that the principle that the attorney is the one who chooses whether to pursue a mental health defense was solidified by the United States Supreme Court in Florida v. Nixon. n13 State v.
Randy Lee Guzek, 2007 Ore. LEXIS 103 (Ore 2/15/2007) As noted above, we first asked whether
mother's alibi testimony was admissible under ORS 138.012(2)(b). ORS
138.012 focuses generally on the automatic review of death sentences
and allows, among other things, a reviewing court to set aside a death
sentence and remand for new penalty-phase proceedings if the reviewing
court determines that prejudicial error occurred at the sentencing
below. Paragraph (2)(b) of that statute sets forth the type of evidence
that is admissible in the new proceedings. It provides:
"The new sentencing proceeding is governed by the provisions of ORS 163.150 (1), (2), (3) and (5). A transcript of all testimony and all exhibits and other evidence properly admitted in the prior trial and sentencing proceeding are admissible in the new sentencing proceeding. Either party may recall any witness who testified at the prior trial or sentencing proceeding and may present additional relevant evidence." (Emphasis added.) Defendant contends that mother's alibi-related testimony is indeed admissible under ORS 138.012(2)(b). He argues that such evidence is relevant and admissible per se by virtue of the fact that ORS 138.012(2)(b) expressly allows defendants involved in remanded capital sentencing proceedings to recall any witness who properly testified at any point during the prior trial and further provides that those defendants also may introduce all previously admitted evidence and exhibits. The state, in response, argues that mother's live alibi testimony is admissible only to the extent that it is relevant to the specific questions that the penalty-phase jury must address. According to the state, mother's alibi evidence -- if believed -- tends to show only that defendant did not commit the aggravated murders of which he has been convicted. Because defendant's guilt is not at issue in the penalty phase, the state continues, that testimony is not relevant and therefore may be excluded. As to the transcripts of that same testimony taken from defendant's first trial, the state acknowledges that, in Guzek III, the court majority -- citing ORS 163.150(1)(a) and ORS 138.012(2)(b) -- declared such transcript evidence to be "relevant and subject to consideration in the penalty phase, regardless of its substance, because it was 'previously offered and received' during the trial on the issue of guilt." Guzek, 336 Or at 451 (quoting ORS 163.150(1)(a)). The state, however, respectfully suggests that this court has overstated the role of such evidence in remanded penalty proceedings because no statute presently provides that prior transcript testimony is indeed relevant regardless of its substance. We turn first to the question of how -- if at all -- the prior transcript testimony at issue here can be used under ORS 138.012(2)(b). To answer that question, it is helpful to first understand the relationship between ORS 138.012 and ORS 163.150, and the common history that those statues share. Taken together, ORS 138.012 and ORS 163.150 cover virtually all the aspects of sentencing and sentencing review that accompany an aggravated murder conviction. ORS 163.150 is aimed primarily at the initial sentencing proceeding that takes place in such cases. That statute calls for that proceeding to be conducted "in the trial court before the trial jury as soon as practicable." ORS 163.150(1)(a). Moreover, should an original juror be unable to perform a juror's function at sentencing, the statute also requires the trial court to draw randomly the name of an alternate to be seated on the sentencing jury, "notwithstanding the fact that the alternate juror did not deliberate on the issue of guilt." Id. The statute goes on to establish a template for conducting sentencing proceedings in aggravated murder cases and delineates the sentencing issues that a jury must consider, one of which is "[w]hether the defendant should receive a death sentence." ORS 163.150(1)(b)(D). Among other things, ORS 163.150(1)(a) provides: "In the proceeding, evidence may be presented as to any matter that the court deems relevant to sentence including, but not limited to, victim impact evidence relating to the personal characteristics of the victim or the impact of the crime on the victim's family and any aggravating or mitigating evidence relevant to the issue in paragraph (b)(D) of this subsection; however, neither the state nor the defendant shall be allowed to introduce repetitive evidence that has previously been offered and received during the trial on the issue of guilt. The court shall instruct the jury that all evidence previously offered and received may be considered for purposes of the sentencing hearing." ORS 138.012, by contrast, addresses (1) the direct review of death sentences meted out in the proceedings covered by ORS 163.150; and (2) the type of evidence that is admissible on remand should those death sentence proceedings be tainted by prejudicial error. Currently, the provisions of ORS 163.150 and ORS 138.012 are distinct from each other in the organizational scheme of the Oregon Revised Statutes. Prior to 1999, however, the text of ORS 138.012 was wholly contained within ORS 163.150 as an integral part of the latter statute. In 1999, the legislature separated the respective provisions of each statute, thereby creating ORS 138.012. Or Laws 1999, ch 1055, §§ 1-2. Before that occurred, however, this court decided State ex rel Carlile v. Frost, 326 Or 607, 956 P2d 202 (1998), and, in the process, construed former ORS 163.150(5)(d) (1997), the provision that subsequently would become ORS 138.012(2)(b) in 1999. Like defendant in this case, the defendant in Carlile also had been convicted of aggravated murder and sentenced to death. Prejudicial error at sentencing, however, had forced this court twice to vacate that sentence, each time remanding the case to the trial court for a new penalty-phase proceeding. Before his third sentencing proceeding, the defendant filed a motion in limine seeking to suppress 53 items of state evidence that had been admitted in the previous guilt and penalty phases of his trial. The trial judge ruled in defendant's favor with regard to certain evidence relating to his future dangerousness, and the state subsequently sought a writ of mandamus challenging the propriety of the resulting suppression order. At the time that this court took up that issue, former ORS 163.150(5)(d) (1997) provided: "The new sentencing proceeding is governed by the provisions of subsections (1) and (2) of this section. A transcript of all testimony and all exhibits and other evidence properly admitted in the prior trial and sentencing proceeding shall be admissible in the new sentencing proceeding. Either party may recall any witness who testified at the prior trial or sentencing proceeding and may present additional relevant evidence." (Emphasis added.) The defendant in Carlile argued that former ORS 163.150(5)(d) (1997) required the trial court to engage in "an analysis of relevance and a process of 'balancing' under OEC 403 to determine anew whether to admit evidence that was introduced during a prior proceeding." Carlile, 326 Or at 617-18 (internal footnote omitted). Drawing on the plain text of the statute, however, this court disagreed: "Once again, we begin our analysis of the statute with an examination of its text and context, in an effort to ascertain the legislature's intent. The text of [former] ORS 163.150(5)(d) [(1997)] is clear. It provides that evidence properly admitted at the prior proceedings 'shall' be admissible at a penalty-phase retrial. Because of the use of the word 'shall' in the statute, the court has no discretion whether to admit evidence at the resentencing, if that evidence was properly admitted during the previous proceedings. The statute thus directs the court at the penalty-phase retrial to admit all previously admitted evidence, so long as the earlier court committed no legal error in admitting that evidence." Id. at 617. Ultimately, this court concluded that the defendant's construction of former ORS 163.150(5)(d) (1997) was inconsistent with the statute's mandatory wording, which the court had held in similar cases to preclude consideration of relevance and prejudice. Id. at 618. Shortly thereafter, the legislature removed those particular provisions from ORS 163.150 (1997) and enacted ORS 138.012 in its place. Ordinarily, Carlile would mark the end-point of our inquiry into the penalty-phase admissibility of the transcripts at issue in this case. If ORS 138.012(2)(b) simply had imported the text of former ORS 163.150(5)(d) (1997) into a new statutory numbering scheme, then the decision in Carlile would be sufficient to demonstrate that, in the penalty phase of an aggravated murder trial, previously admitted transcript testimony is admissible regardless of relevancy considerations. However, when the legislature created ORS 138.012(2)(b) from provisions that had previously existed as former ORS 163.150(5)(d) (1997), it changed the phrase "shall be admissible" in the former statute to "are admissible" in the new statute. As a general rule, "when a statute has been construed by the court of last resort of the state and is later reenacted, it is deemed that the legislature has adopted the court's construction unless the contrary purpose is clearly shown." State v. Ford, 310 Or 623, 637 n 21, 801 P2d 754 (1990) (emphasis added); see also Overland et al. v. Jackson et al., 128 Or 455, 463-65, 275 P 21 (1929) (discussing rule). The question, then, is whether the textual change that accompanied the enactment of ORS 138.102(2)(b) clearly demonstrate a legislative intent to countermand this court's holding in Carlile. Upon consideration, we conclude that the legislature's use of the word "are" in place of "shall," without more, falls short of "clearly" showing that the legislature intended to supplant the statute's mandatory command. Indeed, it appears to us that the actual effect is to maintain it. As this court long has acknowledged under its case law, even use of the word "may" -- often viewed as a purely discretionary term -- can be read to indicate a mandatory requirement when to do so reflects the legislature's intent. See, e.g., Dilger v. School District 24 CJ, 222 Or 108, 117, 352 P2d 564 (1960) ("If necessary to carry out the intention of the legislature it is proper to construe the word 'may' as meaning 'shall.'"); Donaghy v. Oregon-Washington R. & Nav. Co., 133 Or 663, 681-82, 288 P 1003 (1930) (in statute providing that contributory negligence "may" be considered by jury, "may" held to mean "must," importing duty to consider contributory negligence); Hubner v. Hubner, 67 Or 557, 560, 136 P 667 (1913) (in statute providing that marriage dissolution actions "may" be commenced in county in which either party resides, "may" means "shall" and precludes jurisdiction when parties file actions in counties where neither reside). That said, we find no true ambiguity in the legislative rewording of the statute. Both versions had the same substantive meaning. Absent evidence of a clearly shown contrary purpose in ORS 138.012(2)(b), we conclude that this court's prior construction of former ORS 163.150(5)(d) (1997) in Carlile remains valid in its application to this case. That conclusion is in accord with an observation that this court made not long ago in another death sentence case, State v. Langley, 331 Or 430, 432 n 1, 16 P3d 489 (2000): "In enacting ORS 138.012, the 1999 Legislature renumbered the statute that described this court's review authority in death-penalty cases, but made no substantive change to that authority." As a result, we hold that, pursuant to ORS 138.012(2)(b), a transcript of all testimony properly admitted in defendant's prior trial and sentencing proceedings -- which, in this case, encompasses both mother's and grandfather's previously received alibi testimony -- is admissible on remand in defendant's new penalty-phase proceeding without regard to issues of relevancy or balancing. Atkins remand noting that MMPI is no longer required for such claims in Mississippi. Further discussion here. From HAT: On February 15, 2007, the
Mississippi Supreme Court issued Lynch v. State,
___ So.2d ___, 2007 WL 474271 (Miss. Feb. 15, 2007). Mississippi death
row inmate Leroy Lynch sought leave to file a motion for
post-conviction relief in the trial court. The Mississippi Supreme
Court found that Lynch was entitled to a hearing on his claims that
defense counsel was ineffective in failing to pursue a mental
retardation claim and to offer sufficient mitigating evidence. The
court also ordered an Atkins hearing. In discussing the mental
retardation claim, the court noted its holding in Chase v. State,
873 So.2d 1013, 1029 (Miss. 2004), which precludes a lower court from
finding a defendant mentally retarded if the defendant failed to
establish he was not malingering through completion of the MMPI-II or
other similar test. The court here clarified that it had not intended
"to declare the MMPI-II or any one test as exclusively sufficient." It
acknowledged that "[h]aving a variety of tests at their disposal"
provides courts "with a safeguard from possible manipulation of results
and diminished accuracy which might result if courts are limited to one
test." To the extent prior decisions found the MMPI-II to be the "best"
test or the required test, they are expressly overruled. Given a report
showing that Lynch had an IQ of 72, the State conceded that Lynch was
entitled to be heard on his mental retardation claim.
Parramore
Sanborn v. Parker, NO. CV: 99-678-C (W.D. Ky 2/14/2007) On February 14, 2007, Judge Jennifer Coffman of the Western District of Kentucky ruled that Parramore Sanborn was entitled to habeas relief on a claim that admission of certain testimony during sentencing proceedings by a prosecution expert violated the Sixth Amendment. Sanborn v. Parker, 2007 WL 495202 (W.D. Ky. 2007). The prosecution expert had been permitted to evaluate Sanborn because he had intended to raise the defense that he committed the murder while under extreme emotional disturbance (“EED”). When the expert first interviewed Sanborn, Sanborn denied even being near the victim when she was killed. In a subsequent interview, Sanborn told the expert that he wanted to clarify what he had said earlier. At this second meeting, Sanborn admitted being with the victim and described the circumstances leading up to the murder. When asked why Sanborn had failed to provide the expert with this account at the initial interview, Sanborn stated that he had intended to but had gone off on something else. The expert then asked whether Sanborn had met with anyone else after the first meeting. Sanborn told her that he had met with one of his attorneys. The expert asked what the trial strategy would be and Sanborn explained that he intended to argue that the murder was committed while he was under emotional distress. At the resentencing hearing, the prosecutor was permitted to elicit testimony from the expert that Sanborn’s story had changed after he met with someone, as well as what Sanborn had said about his trial strategy. Judge Coffman agreed with Sanborn’s contention that the expert’s testimony constituted an unconstitutional governmental interference with his relationship with his attorney. See Weatherford v. Bursey, 429 U.S. 545 (1977). "While not necessarily improper when considered independently, [the prosecution expert´s] conjoined questions-about (1) Sanborn´s meeting with his attorney and (2) his defense strategy-were tantamount to her asking what he and his attorney had discussed in that meeting. The unnecessary question about the meeting with counsel was not critical to her assessment of Sanborn´s credibility and was a clear intrusion into the attorney-client relationship." Further, “[b]y eliciting [the expert’s] testimony that Sanborn had altered his statements after talking to ‘someone,’ the prosecution unnecessarily conveyed privileged attorney-client information to the jury, thus prejudicing” Sanborn. Although “Sanborn was not prevented from presenting his EED defense,” nevertheless “an improper interference with his attorney-client relationship substantially undermined his key argument against the imposition of the death penalty.” Judge Coffman denied the remaining claims. Three of the claims concerned the admission of testimony at the guilt phase retrial by Reverend Barclay Brown, a United Methodist Minister who had initially been retained to serve as a defense expert regarding, among other things, a theological perspective of the death penalty and Sanborn´s religious upbringing. After it was determined that Reverend Brown would not testify, Brown continued to see Sanborn. Sanborn was convicted and sentenced to death. The conviction and death sentence, however, were reversed by the Kentucky Supreme Court. Brown then went to the prosecutor because he was troubled by some of the things that Sanborn had said to him. Ultimately, he was permitted to testify at the guilt phase retrial as a prosecution witness. Judge Coffman found no constitutional error. First, “at least when the relationship began, any expectation that conversations between Sanborn and Brown would remain confidential was unreasonable” given that Brown was expected to be a testifying expert and anything said to him was not confidential. Second, “there was no evidence that Sanborn consulted Brown on spiritual matters.” Third, “[b]ecause [Sanborn’s] conversations with Brown were not subject to protection as integral to the attorney-client relationship, Sanborn´s argument that the government improperly interfered with his Sixth Amendment right to effective assistance is unavailing.” Judge Coffman did grant Sanborn a COA on his claims related to Reverend Brown: (1) Whether the admission of Rev. Brown´s testimony violated the attorney-client privilege in contravention of Sanborn´s Fourteenth Amendment right to Due Process; (2) Whether the admission of Rev. Brown´s testimony violated the priest-penitent privilege in contravention of Sanborn´s Fourteenth Amendment right to Due Process; and (3) Whether the admission of Rev. Brown´s testimony constituted an unconstitutional governmental interference with the Sixth Amendment right to counsel. SMALL
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